GAZETTEER OF PLANETARY NOMENCLATURE FILE GAZINTRO.TXT - VERSION 1991 INTRODUCTION TO GAZETTEER OF PLANETARY NOMENCLATURE Planetary nomenclature, like terrestrial nomenclature, is used to identify uniquely a feature on the surface of a planet or satellite so that the feature can be easily located, described, or discussed. The Gazetteer contains detailed information about all named features on planets and satellites (and some planetary ring and ring-gap systems) that the International Astronomical Union (IAU) has named and approved from its founding in 1919 through its triennial meeting in 1991?. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction to Gazetteer of Planetary Features (GAZINTRO) History of planetary nomenclature (GAZSTORY) How feature names become approved (GAZNAMES) IAU rules and conventions for naming features (GAZRULES) Specifics of the Gazetteer in harscopy (GAZSPECS) Acknowledgments (GAZ_ACKS) References cited (GAZCITES) APPENDICIES Key to fields (column arrays) of features listings (GAZFIELD) Planet and satellite names and discoverers (GAZBODYS) Categories for naming planet and satellite features (GAZ_CATS) Key to diacritical mark codes for feature names (GAZMARKS) Continent & ethnic group codes for feature names (GAZCODES) List of abbreviations for large-scale planetary maps (GAZ_MAPS) List of references (authorities) for feature names (GAZ_REFS) List of descriptors codes for planetary feature types (GAZTYPES) GAZETTEER OF PLANETARY NOMENCLATURE FILE GAZSTORY.TXT - VERSION 1991 HISTORY OF PLANETARY NOMENCLATURE The IAU has been the arbiter of planetary and satellite nomenclature since its organizational meeting in 1919 in Brussels. At that time a committee was appointed to regularize the chaotic lunar and Martian nomenclatures then current. The IAU committee was an outgrowth of an earlier committee established in 1907 by the Council of the International Association of Academies, meeting in General Assembly in Vienna. The committee established by the Academies had been charged with the task of clarifying the lunar nomenclature but had not published a report, due to a succession of deaths of members. However, a great deal of preliminary work had been done by one member, Mary Blagg. The IAU appointed Miss Blagg and several other astronomers to a newly commissioned nomenclature committee chaired by H. H. Turner (IAU, 1922). The report of this committee, "Named Lunar Formations," by Blagg and Mller (1935) was the first systematic listing of lunar nomenclature. Later, "The System of Lunar Craters, quadrants I, II, III, IV" was published (in four parts) by D.W.G. Arthur and others (1963-66), working under the direction of Gerard P. Kuiper; these catalogues and the accompanying map, (also in four parts) list the names (or other designations) and coordinates, and show the positions of the current, greatly expanded lunar nomenclature. These works were adopted by the IAU and became the recognized sources for lunar nomenclature. The Martian nomenclature was clarified in 1958, when an ad hoc committee of the IAU chaired by Audouin Dollfus recommended for adoption the names of 128 albedo (bright, dark, or colored) features observed through ground-based telescopes (IAU, 1960). These names were based on a system of nomenclature developed in the late 19th century by the Italian astronomer G.V. Schiaparelli (1879), and expanded in the early 20th century by E. M. Antoniadi (1929), an Italian-born astronomer working at Meudon, France. The requirements for extraterrestrial nomenclature were dramatically changed in 1957 when the successful flight of Sputnik (and America's consequent determination to land a man on the Moon in the 1960's) inaugurated the age of space exploration. As detailed images became available of one newly discriminated, extraterrestrial surface after another, the need to name features on these surfaces became evident. Once again the IAU assumed the task of expanding and overseeing planetary nomenclature so that the effort would proceed in an orderly, fair, and evenhanded way. In 1970, in response to the successful Mariner flyby missions to Mars during the 1960's and in anticipation of the Mariner 9 mission, a Mars nomenclature Working Group was formed, chaired by Gerard de Vaucouleurs; this group was asked to designate names for the topographic features shown in the new spacecraft images (de Vaucouleurs and others, 1975). During the same period, Donald H. Menzel chaired an ad hoc lunar committee that suggested names for features discriminated by the Soviet Zond and American Lunar Orbiter and Apollo cameras (Menzel and others, 1971). At the Sydney, Australia meeting of the IAU in 1973, the nomenclature groups were reorganized and expanded. The Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN, or Working Group) was appointed with Peter Millman, Canada, as its first president. Task Groups (TG) for the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, and the Outer Solar System were formed to conduct the preliminary work of choosing themes and proposing names for features on each newly discriminated planet and satellite. In 1982 at Patras, Greece, Harold Masursky, U.S.A., became president of the WGPSN and several new members were added. A new Task Group was formed in 1984 to name surface features on small primitive bodies (asteroids and comets), but this group will not be activated until asteroids Ida and Gaspra are encountered by the Galileo spacecraft in 1991. GAZETTEER OF PLANETARY NOMENCLATURE FILE GAZNAMES.TXT - VERSION 1991 HOW FEATURE NAMES BECOME APPROVED When images are first obtained of the surface of a heretofore unimaged planet or satellite, a theme for naming features is chosen and a few important features are named, usually by members of the appropriate IAU Task Group. Later, as higher resolution images and maps become available, additional features are named, usually at the request of investigators mapping or describing specific surfaces, features, or geologic formations. However, anyone--either scientist or layman--may suggest a name or ask that a specific feature be named. Names considered appropriate by a Task Group are submitted to the Working Group, which meets once a year. The Working Group transmits its list of recommended names to the yearly meeting of the IAU's Executive Committee, which checks the names for conformity to IAU standards. Successful candidate names are then presented for adoption to the IAU's General Assembly, which meets triennially. A name is not considered to be official--that is, "adopted"--until the General Assembly has given its approval. Suggestions for naming a specific feature or requests that a specific name be used should be sent to the president of the Working Group or to the chairman of the appropriate Task Group. GAZETTEER OF PLANETARY NOMENCLATURE FILE GAZRULES.TXT - VERSION 1991 IAU RULES AND CONVENTIONS FOR NAMING FEATURES Names adopted by the IAU must follow various rules and conventions established through the years by the Union. At the first meeting of the Working Group, the following rules were adopted (IAU, 1970): 1. Nomenclature is a tool and the first consideration should be to make it simple, clear, and unambiguous. 2. The number of names chosen for each body should be kept to a minimum, and governed by the anticipated requirements of the scientific community. 3. Although there will be some exceptions, duplication of the same name on two or more bodies should be avoided. 4. In general individual names chosen for each body should be expressed in the language of origin. Transliteration and pronunciation for various alphabets should be given but there will be no translation from one language to another. 5. Where possible, consideration should be given to the traditional aspects of any nomenclature system, provided that this does not cause confusion. 6. Solar system nomenclature should be international in its choice of names. Recommendations submitted to the IAU National Committees will be considered. Final approval of any selection is the responsibility of the International Astronomical Union. 7. We must look to the future in general discussions of solar system nomenclature and attempt to lay the groundwork for future requirements that will result from the development of the space program. SEVERAL COROLLARY DECISIONS OR MODIFICATIONS HAVE BEEN ADDED TO THE RULES: 8. As corollaries to rule 1, the WG decided that names should be easy to pronounce and spell, and that single names of no more than three syllables are preferred. Exceptions are allowed for persons or mythical characters known by double names. 9. Rule 2 appears to have been forgotten when one perceives the obvious proliferation of names that has occurred since the rule was written. Yet most of the new names were assigned at the request of scientists or mapmakers. 10. Exceptions to rule 3 have caused a great deal of confusion, and the rule is now adhered to strictly. The nearly 2000 names of asteroids are excepted from this rule. 11. Rule 4 has been modified because most nomenclative business, including publication of the nomenclature in the IAU Transactions volumes, is now conducted in English and most of the maps have been published in the United States. Maps published in other countries use the language of that country. Maps published in the Soviet Union use the Cyrillic typescript; (romanized) Latin and Greek terms are translated, but names are transliterated. 12. In keeping with rule 5 and the practice established by early lunar nomenclature, descriptors (feature types) are written in their Latin or Greek form, except as explained in rule 11, above, concerning Soviet usage. 13. Rule 5 has been invoked by the IAU when establishing a theme for naming features on newly discriminated satellites or planets. Thus, newly discovered Uranian satellites and features on previously discovered satellites continued the theme established by William Lassell when he named the first four satellites for characters (mostly bright and dark spirits) from Shakespeare and Pope; names for satellites of Neptune continue the "watery" theme established by the names of the planet and first two satellites. 14. As an expansion of rule 6, the WG requires equal representation of ethnic groups/countries on each individual map; however, a higher percentage of names from the country planning a landing is allowed on landing site maps. 15. In addition, no names having political, military or religious significance, or names of modern philosophers, may be used. ADDITIONAL RULES DEVELOPED THROUGH EXPERIENCE INCLUDE: 16. Persons being honored must have been deceased for at least three years before his/her names can be assigned to a feature. Exceptions to this rule were made for living astronauts and cosmonauts because their contributions to space exploration were unique. 17. When more than one spelling of a name is extant, the spelling preferred by the person, or referenced in the authorities is used. 18. Diacritical marks are a necessary part of a name, and will be used. 19. Ring and ring-gap nomenclature and names for newly discovered small satellites are developed by joint deliberation of the Working Group and Commission 20 of the IAU. In addition to these general rules, each Task Group develops additional conventions as it formulates an interesting and meaningful nomenclature for individual planetary bodies. Most of these conventions are self evident. GAZETTEER OF PLANETARY NOMENCLATURE FILE GAZRULES.TXT - VERSION 1991 IAU RULES AND CONVENTIONS FOR NAMING FEATURES Names adopted by the IAU must follow various rules and conventions established through the years by the Union. At the first meeting of the Working Group, the following rules were adopted (IAU, 1970): 1. Nomenclature is a tool and the first consideration should be to make it simple, clear, and unambiguous. 2. The number of names chosen for each body should be kept to a minimum, and governed by the anticipated requirements of the scientific community. 3. Although there will be some exceptions, duplication of the same name on two or more bodies should be avoided. 4. In general individual names chosen for each body should be expressed in the language of origin. Transliteration and pronunciation for various alphabets should be given but there will be no translation from one language to another. 5. Where possible, consideration should be given to the traditional aspects of any nomenclature system, provided that this does not cause confusion. 6. Solar system nomenclature should be international in its choice of names. Recommendations submitted to the IAU National Committees will be considered. Final approval of any selection is the responsibility of the International Astronomical Union. 7. We must look to the future in general discussions of solar system nomenclature and attempt to lay the groundwork for future requirements that will result from the development of the space program. SEVERAL COROLLARY DECISIONS OR MODIFICATIONS HAVE BEEN ADDED TO THE RULES: 8. As corollaries to rule 1, the WG decided that names should be easy to pronounce and spell, and that single names of no more than three syllables are preferred. Exceptions are allowed for persons or mythical characters known by double names. 9. Rule 2 appears to have been forgotten when one perceives the obvious proliferation of names that has occurred since the rule was written. Yet most of the new names were assigned at the request of scientists or mapmakers. 10. Exceptions to rule 3 have caused a great deal of confusion, and the rule is now adhered to strictly. The nearly 2000 names of asteroids are excepted from this rule. 11. Rule 4 has been modified because most nomenclative business, including publication of the nomenclature in the IAU Transactions volumes, is now conducted in English and most of the maps have been published in the United States. Maps published in other countries use the language of that country. Maps published in the Soviet Union use the Cyrillic typescript; (romanized) Latin and Greek terms are translated, but names are transliterated. 12. In keeping with rule 5 and the practice established by early lunar nomenclature, descriptors (feature types) are written in their Latin or Greek form, except as explained in rule 11, above, concerning Soviet usage. 13. Rule 5 has been invoked by the IAU when establishing a theme for naming features on newly discriminated satellites or planets. Thus, newly discovered Uranian satellites and features on previously discovered satellites continued the theme established by William Lassell when he named the first four satellites for characters (mostly bright and dark spirits) from Shakespeare and Pope; names for satellites of Neptune continue the "watery" theme established by the names of the planet and first two satellites. 14. As an expansion of rule 6, the WG requires equal representation of ethnic groups/countries on each individual map; however, a higher percentage of names from the country planning a landing is allowed on landing site maps. 15. In addition, no names having political, military or religious significance, or names of modern philosophers, may be used. ADDITIONAL RULES DEVELOPED THROUGH EXPERIENCE INCLUDE: 16. Persons being honored must have been deceased for at least three years before his/her names can be assigned to a feature. Exceptions to this rule were made for living astronauts and cosmonauts because their contributions to space exploration were unique. 17. When more than one spelling of a name is extant, the spelling preferred by the person, or referenced in the authorities is used. 18. Diacritical marks are a necessary part of a name, and will be used. 19. Ring and ring-gap nomenclature and names for newly discovered small satellites are developed by joint deliberation of the Working Group and Commission 20 of the IAU. In addition to these general rules, each Task Group develops additional conventions as it formulates an interesting and meaningful nomenclature for individual planetary bodies. Most of these conventions are self evident. GAZETTEER OF PLANETARY NOMENCLATURE FILE GAZSPECS.TXT - VERSION 1991 SPECIFICS OF THE GAZETTEER IN HARDCOPY The complete file of names is sorted in three ways that are identified by paper of three different colors. On white pages (numbers suffixed by "A") the names are sorted alphabetically by planetary body, satellite, and feature type; on pink pages (numbers suffixed by "B") they are sorted alphabetically by feature type; on green pages (numbers suffixed by "C") they are sorted alphabetically. A key to the fields--classification of column arrays--is included in the appendicies. The columns include the following information about each name in column 3: Fields 1, 2: planet and satellite on which the named feature appears; Field 4: presence of diacritical in name (+,*); or dropped name (D); Fields 5, 6, 7: latitude, longitude, and feature size; Fields 8, 9: continent and ethnic group of the named person or place; Fields 10, 11: map, and identification number on which the feature is portrayed; Field 12: IAU approval level of the name; Field 13: reference showing spelling of name as adopted; Field 14: feature classification type; Field 15: attribute or additional information about the name. More information concerning each field is given in the appendicies. Information about names of features on small bodies and of satellite parameters is given in the various figures and tables. The spelling of mythological or even historical names often varies widely. For a mythological name, our choice of spelling is that of the indicated reference. When the name is that of a real person, we try to use the spelling preferred by that person as shown in a work published during his or her lifetime. In general, the feature type (Latin or Greek descriptor) remains the same regardless of its size; that is, a ridge is a "dorsum" whether it is 10 or 1000 km long. Exceptions to this rule are channels (valles) on Mars and craters on the Moon, Mars, and Venus; names for these features differ according to size. The categories for naming features on each planet or satellite (and the exceptions) are listed in the appendicies. One feature classification--regio--was originally used on early maps of the Moon and Mercury, drawn from telescopic observations. It is now used to delineate vague albedo features (on Iapetus and Ganymede) or reflectivity features (on Venus) where resolution is too low to designate clearly a morphologic feature. As data at higher resolution are acquired, the albedo or reflectivity names will be updated to reflect the improved morphologic information. Newly discovered satellites are named by the discoverer, working with the chairman of the appropriate Task Group and Commission 20 of the IAU. Commission 20 determines when the orbit of a newly discovered satellite has been defined accurately enough to identify the body uniquely. The chairman of the appropriate Task Group (usually Outer Solar System TG) then supplies a list of appropriate names to the discoverer and works with him in choosing a name that follows the pre-established theme for the satellite's primary. However, the discoverer has the final say in naming the new body. Named features on bodies so small that coordinates have not yet been determined are identified on drawings of the body that are included in the IAU Transactions volume of the year when the names were adopted (see also figure 1). Satellite rings and gaps in the rings are named for scientists who have studied these features; drawings that show these names, including the newly identified ring gap "Colombo" in the Saturnian system, are also included in the pertinent Transactions volume (see also figure 2). Names for atmospheric features are informal at present; a formal system will be chosen in the future. This edition of the Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature supersedes an earlier informal volume distributed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 1986 and open-filed in 1989. The present volume included information about all names of topographic and albedo features on planets and satellites that have been adopted by the IAU through August 19??. Named features are depicted on maps of the Moon published first by the U.S. Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) or the Aeronautical Chart and Information Center (ACIC) and more recently by the USGS; on maps of Mercury, Venus, Mars, and the satellites of Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus published by the USGS; and on maps of the Moon, Venus, and Mars produced by Russia. The boundaries of many large features (such as terrae, regiones, planitiae, and plana) are not topographically or geomorphically distinct; the coordinates of these features are identified from an arbitrarily chosen center point. Boundaries (and thus coordinates) may be determined more accurately from geochemical and geophysical data obtained by later missions. Coordinates of center points for all features on Mercury and the Jovian, Saturnian, and Uranian satellites are derived from new maps, not yet published; these maps will appear in an "Atlas of the Solar System" a NASA publication scheduled for publication in 1992, and will also be published as USGS maps in the Miscellaneous Investigations Series. We identify continent ("CO") and ethnic group ("ET") of a name in order to compute and equalize international representation. In sorting the master file, these two fields must always be considered together. In this version of the Gazetteer, we continue to use the terms "crater" and "patera" for round features on Venus; by implication, most "craters" are considered to be impact features, whereas "paterae" are considered to be complex collapsed volcanic calderas. However, it is very difficult, even at Venera 15-16 resolution, to distinguish impact from volcanic features. If these features can be differentiated more precisely on Magellan images, the nomenclature will be modified appropriately. New maps of Mars, Venus, and the Moon have not been completed for the "Atlas of the Solar System". Coordinates of features on these bodies may change slightly with map resolution; coordinates listed in fields "LAT" and "LONG" are taken from the maps identified in fields "MAP" and "NO." For maps published by the USGS the field "MAP" identifies the informal name of the map, and field "NO" lists the USGS map identification ("I") number. In identifying lunar maps published by the DMA or ACIC in the 1960's and early 1970's or Soviet maps of Venus published in 1985 and 1986, we use different systems of identification, shown in the appendicies. GAZETTEER OF PLANETARY FEATURES FILE GAZ_ACKS.TXT - VERSION 1991 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature wishes to thank Dr. Peter Millman, National Research Council of Canada in Ottawa, for his original list of planetary names and for his continuing interest and careful review of all planetary nomenclature material; Ewen Whitaker, now retired from the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona for corrections to the lunar list; and Dr. Jean Duchesne-Guillermin, Liege, Belgium, for authoritative and careful editing of the 1986 edition of the Gazetteer. We also thank Dr. Audouin Dollfus of the Observatoire de Paris, Dr. A. T. Basilevsky and Dr. G. Burba of the Vernadsky Institute, Moscow, U.S.S.R., and Mr. William Musielak of the University of Arizona, Tucson, for reviews of maps during the critical prepublication period. Many USGS employees in Flagstaff have cooperated to produce the master file of the Gazetteer: Christine Vargas, Victoria Lobato, Rebecca Birkholst, Elizabeth Dyer, and Jana Ruhlmann made corrections and additions; Robert Gurule, C. E. Isbell, K. D. Knisely, and Bill Woodsmall wrote computer programs to sort and print the files; Ramon Sabala and R. D. Carroll have supplied cartographic expertise; and Mary Strobell, assisted at different times by Katherine Beer, Connie Nordstrom, D. L. Applebee, and A. L. Dial, Jr., has coordinated all aspects of planetary nomenclature including the preparation and publication of the Gazetteer. GAZETTEER OF PLANETARY NOMENCLATURE FILE GAZCITES.TXT - VERSION 1991 REFERENCES CITED Antoniadi, E. M., 1929, La Planate Mars, pl. 2-5: Paris, Libraire Scientifique Herman et Cie., xxp. Arthur, D.W.G., Agnieray, A.P., Horvath, R.A., Wood, C.A., and Chapman, C.R., 1963, The system of lunar craters, quadrant I: Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, v. 2, no. 30, p. 71-78, four unnumbered appendixes, and 12 unnumbered maps. _____ 1964, The system of lunar craters, quadrant II: Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, v. 3, no. 40, p. 1-59 and 12 unnumbered maps. Arthur, D.W.G., Agnieray, A.P., Pellicori, R.H., Wood, C.A., and Weller, T., 1965, The system of lunar craters, quadrant III: Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, v. 3, no. 50, p. 61-62, catalogue p. 1-146, and 12 unnumbered maps. Arthur, D.W.G., Pellicori, R.H., and Wood, C.A., 1966, The system of lunar craters, quadrant IV: Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, v. 5, no. 70, p. 1, catalogue p. 1-208, and 12 unnumbered maps. Blagg, Mary, and Muller, Karl, 1935, Named Lunar Formations: London, Percy Lund, Humphries & Co. Ltd., 196 pp. Blunck, Jurgen, 1977, Mars and its satellites: Hicksville N.Y., Exposition Press, 200 p. (2nd edition, 1982). International Astronomical Union, 1922, Transactions of the International Astronomical Union, Rome, May 12-20, 1922: London, Imperial College Bookstall, v. 1, p. 52-53. _____ 1960, Transactions of the International Astronomical Union, Moscow, August 12-20, 1958: Cambridge University Press, vol. X, pl. 1, p. 262. _____ 1970, Transactions of the International Astronomical Union, Menzel, D.H., Minnaert, M., Levin, Boris, and Dollfus, Audouin, 1971, Report on Lunar Nomenclature: Space Science Reviews, v. 12, no. 2, p. 136-186. Schiaparelli, G.V., 1879, Osservazioni astronomiche e fisiche sull'asse di rotazione e sulla topografia del pianeta Marte in Atti della R. Accademia del Lincei, Memoria della cl. di scienze fisiche. Memoria 2, ser. 3, v. 10, 1880-81, p. 281-387. de Vaucouleurs, Gerard, Blunck, Jurgen, Davies, Merton, Dollfus, Audouin, Koval, I.K., Kuiper, G.P., Masursky, Harold, Miyamoto, S., Moroz, V.I., Sagan, Carl, and Smith, Bradford, 1975, The new Martian nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union: Icarus, v. 26, p. 85-98. GAZETTEER OF PLANETARY NOMENCLATURE FILE GAZFIELD.TXT - VERSION APRIL 1992 KEY TO FIELDS (COLUMN ARRAYS) OF FEATURES LISTINGS FIELD LABEL COLUMN(S) DESCRIPTION 1 P (Planet) 1 Planet on which name found# Key to planet codes: A = Asteroid belt H = Mercury J = Jupiter L = Moon M = Mars N = Neptune S = Saturn U = Uranus V = Venus 2 SA (Satellite) 3-4 Satellite on which name found# Key to satellite codes: am = Amalthea ja = Janus ar = Ariel mi = Mimas ca = Callisto mr = Miranda de = Deimos ne = Nereid di = Dione ob = Oberon en = Enceladus ph = Phobos ep = Epimetheus pu = Puck eu = Europa rh = Rhea ga = Ganymede te = Tethys hy = Hyperion ti = Titania ia = Iapetus tr = Triton io = Io um = Umbriel ss = Samll satellites (Uranus) 3 NAME (Feature) 7-27 Any combination of letters to spell a name (as spelled by honoree or in reference shown in field 13); brackets indicate name dropped 4 D (Diacritical) 30 * or + = diacritical(s) in name; D means name dropped or specifically disallowed, but appear on older maps; see appendicies/file GAZMARKS.TXT 5 LAT (Latitude) 33-43 Latitude of center point or longest dimension of feature; Numbers 0 to 90 followed by N. or S. 6 LONG (Longitude) 46-56 Longitude of center point or longest dimension of feature; Numbers 0 to 360 followed by E. or W.; 0 to 180 E. and W. on Moon 7 DIAM (Diameter) 59-62 Diameter or longest dimension of feature in kilometers 8 CT (Continent) 65-66 Continent or large geographic division of origin of name; see appendicies/file GAZCODES.TXT 9 ET (Ethnic group) 69,70 Country or ethnic group of origin of name; see appendicies/file GAZCODES.TXT 10 MAP (Map name) 73-78 Informal name of map; planet or satellite abbreviation or number; on high-resolution maps, abbreviation of map name;@ 11 NO (Map number) 81-85 USGS, Soviet, or Defense Mapping Agency number of map@ 12 APP (Approval) 88-90 First number = IAU level of approval: 1 = Suggested 2 = Task Group approval 3 = WGPSN approval 4 = Executive Committee approval 5 = Adopted by IAU General Assembly 6 = Dropped, disallowed Second and third numbers = year (of 20th century) when adopted 13 REF (Reference) 93-95 Reference from which spelling and "attribute" information derived; see appendicies/file GAZ_REFS.TXT 14 FT (Feature type) 98-99 Latin or Greek descriptor term; see appendicies/file GAZTYPES.TXT 15 ATTRIBUTE 102-132 Short explanation of feature name --------------------------- # For more information on planet and satellite names; see appendicies/file GAZBODYS.TXT @ Map and USGS I-Number where name appears at coordinates listed in fields 5 and 6 for publications at 1:5 million or smaller scale. Usually the listing of MAP and the listing of NO are for the same map, and the coordinates are derived from that map. In the case of Venus, coordinates are derived from the map indicated by USGS I-Number (in "NO" field). Xxx's in either field indicate that the map does not have an informal name or USGS I-Number. Unless otherwise noted, maps are published by USGS. Abbreviations used to delineate large-scale maps are in appendicies/file GAZ_MAPS.TXT GAZETTEER OF PLANETARY NOMENCLATURE FILE GAZBODYS.TXT - VERSION 1991 PLANET AND SATELLITE NAMES AND DISCOVERERS MOON Every civilization has had a name for the satellite of Earth that is known, in English, as the Moon. The name "Moon" is of Anglo Saxon derivation. MERCURY Named Mercurius by the Romans because it appears to move so swiftly; it is visible first in the eastern sky and then in the western sky. VENUS Roman name for the goddess of love; this planet was considered to be the brightest and most beautiful planet or star in the heavens. Other civilizations name it for their god of love/war. MARS Named by the Romans for their god of war because of its red-- bloodlike--color; other civilizations also named this planet from this attribute. Phobos Inner satellite of Mars; named in 1877 by the discoverer, Asaph Hall, for one of the horses that drew Mars' chariot; also called an "attendant" or "son" of Mars, according to chapter 15, line 119 of Homer's "Iliad." This Greek word means flight (in consequence of fear). Hall credits a "Mr. Madan of Eton, England" (Blunck, 1982) for suggesting the names for the satellites. Deimos Outer Martian satellite, also named by Asaph Hall for one of Mars' horses/sons/companions; the word means fear or terror in Greek. JUPITER The largest and most massive of the planets was aptly named in Greco-Roman culture for the (Roman) Jupiter, or (Greek) Zeus, the most important deity in the pantheon. Amalthea Discovered by E. E. Barnard in 1892, who eventually chose a name suggested by Flammarian for the satellite. Amalthea was the goat who suckled Zeus (Greek name for Jupiter) as a young child. In some accounts, Amalthea is said to have been the wife (or daughter) of King Melisseus of Crete; as such she was wet nurse to baby Zeus. Io Galileo discovered Io and the other three Jovian satellites, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, in 1610. He suggested the four be known as "Medicea Sidera" to honor his patron, but the name was not accepted by other astronomers. Instead, they chose names given the four satellites by Simon Marius in 1613; the names were of four of Zeus' illicit loves. (Marius' claim to discovery of the Jovian satellites shortly before Galileo was not accepted.) Io, the daughter of Inachus, was changed by Zeus (Jupiter) to a cow to protect her from Hera's jealous wrath, but Hera recognized Io and sent a gadfly to torment her. Io, maddened by the fly, wandered throughout the Mediterranean region. Galileo never accepted Marius' names; instead he identified the moons by Roman numerals, a system that has been adopted for all satellite systems to the present. Europa Beautiful daughter of Agenor, king of Tyhre, she was seduced by Zeus, who had assumed the shape of a white bull. When Europa climbed on his back he swam with her to Crete, where she bore several children, including Minos. Ganymede Beautiful young boy who was carried to Olympus by Zeus, disguised as an Eagle. Ganymede then became the cupbearer of the Olympian gods. Callisto Beautiful daughter of Lycaon, she was seduced by Zeus, who changed her into a bear to protect her from Hera's jealousy. SATURN Roman name for Cronos, father of Zeus/Jupiter. Other civilizations have given other names to Saturn, which is the farthest planet from Earth that can be observed by the naked human eye. Most of the satellites were named for Titans who, according to Greek mythology, were brothers and sisters of Saturn. Janus Discovered by Audouin Dollfus in 1966, this small satellite was later proven to have a twin, Epimetheus, sharing the same orbit but never actually meeting. It is named for the two-faced Roman god who could look forward and backwards at the same time. Epimetheus Discovered by the Voyager team in 1981; the orbital parameters of this satellite are very similar to those of Janus (see table). Named by the Voyager team for the Greek backward-looking god. Mimas Discovered by William Herschel in 1798 and named by his son, John Herschel, in the early 19th century; the satellite was named for a titan felled by Hephaestus (or Ares) in the war between the titans and Olympian gods. Enceladus Also discovered by William Herschel in 1798 and named by his son, John Herschel, for the Titan Enceladus. Enceladus was crushed by Athene in the battle between the Olympian gods and the Titans earth piled on top of him became the island of Sicily. Tethys Discovered in 1684 by Cassini, who wished to name the four satellites that he discovered (Tethys, Dione, Rhea, and Iapetus) for Louis XIV. However, the names used today for these satellites were applied in the early 19th century by John Herschel, who named them for Titans and Titanesses, brothers and sisters of Saturn. Tethys was the wife of Oceanus and mother of all rivers and Oceanids. Dione Discovered by Cassini in 1684. Dione was the sister of Cronos and mother (by Zeus) of Aphrodite. Rhea Discovered by Cassini in 1672 and named for another of Cronos' sisters, Rhea was also his wife; and youngest son was Zeus. Titan Discovered and named in 1665 by Huygens, who first called it "Luna Saturni". Hyperion Discovered by C. and G.P. Bond, and by William Lassell, on the same night in 1848; named by Lassell for one of the Titans. Iapetus Discovered by Cassini in 1671 and named by John Herschel for one of the Titans. URANUS Uranus was discovered by William Herschel in 1781, although several astronomers, including Flamsteed and Le Monnier, had observed it earlier; they recorded it as a fixed star. Herschel tried, unsuccessfully, to name his discovery "Georgian Sidus" after George III; the planet was named by Johann Bode in 1781 for the father of Saturn. Miranda Discovered and named by G.P. Kuiper in 1948 for the (human) heroine of Shakespeare's "The Tempest". Ariel Discovered by William Lassell in 1851; named by John Herschel in early 19th century for the benevolent spirit in Shakespeare's "The Tempest". Umbriel Discovered by William Lassell in 1851, Umbriel was named by John Herschel in early 19th century for malevolent spirit in Pope's "Rape of the Lock." Titania Discovered by William Herschel in 1787; named by his son, John Herschel, in early 19th century for the Queen of the Fairies in Shakespeare's "Midsummer Night's Dream". Oberon Discovered by William Herschel in 1787; named by his son, John Herschel, in early 19th century for the King of the Fairies in Shakespeare's "Midsummer Night's Dream". NEPTUNE Neptune was actually "observed" as early as 1690 by John Flamsteed, who thought it was a fixed star. It was "predicted" by John Couch Adams and Urbain Le Verrier who, independently, were able to account for the irregularities in the motion of Uranus by correctly predicting the orbital elements of a trans- Uranian body. Using the predicted parameters of these two men, Johann Galle observed the planet in 1846. Galle wanted to name the planet for Le Verrier, but that was not acceptable to the international astronomer. GAZETTEER OF PLANETARY NOMENCLATURE FILE GAZ_CATS.TXT - VERSION 1991 CATEGORIES FOR NAMING PLANET AND SATELLITE FEATURES Categories for naming features on the Moon ------------------------------------------ Craters, Catenae, Dorsa, Rimae Large craters: famous deceased scientists, scholars, artists; small craters: common first names. Other features named from nearby craters. Lacus, Maria, Paludes, Sinus Latin terms describing weather and other abstract concepts. Montes Terrestrial mountain ranges or nearby craters. Rupes Name of nearby mountain ranges (terrestrial names). Valles Name of nearby features. Categories for naming features on Mercury ----------------------------------------- Craters Famous deceased artists, musicians, painters, authors, and one astronomer. Montes Caloris, from Latin word for "hot". Planitiae Names for Mercury in various languages. Rupes Ships of discovery or scientific expeditions. Valles Radio telescope facilities. Categories for naming features on Venus --------------------------------------- Chasmata Goddesses of hunt; Moon goddess Coronae Fertility goddesses Craters Famous women Dorsa Sky goddesses Fluctus Goddess, miscellaneous Lineae Goddesses of war Montes Goddesses, miscellaneous (also one radar scientist) Paterae Famous women Planitiae Mythological heroines Planum (1 only) Lakshmi; goddess of prosperity Regiones Giantesses and Titanesses (also Greek alphanumeric) Rupes Goddesses of hearth and home Tesserae Goddesses of fate or fortune Terrae Goddesses of love Categories for naming features on Mars and martian satellites ------------------------------------------------------------- MARS Large craters Deceased scientists who have contributed to the study of Mars Small craters Villages of the world (less than 100,000 population, U.N. Yearbook) Large valles Name for Mars/star in various languages Small valles Classical or modern rivers Other features From nearest named albedo feature on Schiaparelli or Antoniadi maps DEIMOS Authors who wrote about satellites PHOBOS Scientists who helped discovery Categories for naming features on satellites of Jupiter ------------------------------------------------------- CALLISTO Large ringed features Homes of the gods and heroes Craters Heroes and heroines from northern myths Catena Mythological place in high latitudes EUROPA Craters Celtic gods and heroes Flexus Places associated with the Europa myth Lineae People associated with the Europa myth Macula Places associated with the Europa myth GANYMEDE Craters Gods and heroes of ancient (Fertile Crescent) people Faculae Places associated with Egyptian myths Fossae Gods (or principals) of ancient (Fertile Crescent) people Regiones Astronomers who discovered Jovian satellites Sulci Places associated with myths of ancient people IO Active eruptive centers Fire, sun, thunder gods and heroes Catenae Sun gods Flucts Name derived from nearby named feature Mensae People associated with Io myth Montes Places associated with Io myth Paterae Fire, sun, thunder, volcano gods, heroes, goddesses, mythical blacksmiths Plana Places associated with Io myth Regiones Places associated with Io myth Tholi Places associated with Io myth Categories for features on satellites of Saturn ----------------------------------------------- MIMAS People and places from Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur legends (Baines translation) ENCELADUS People and places from Burton's Arabian Nights TETHYS People and places from Homer's Odyssey DIONE People and places from Vergil's Aeneid RHEA People and places from creation myths HYPERION Sun and Moon deities IAPETUS People and places from Sayers' translation of Chanson de Roland EPIMETHEUS People from Castor and Pollux (twins) myth JANUS People from Castor and Pollux (twins) myth Categories for naming features on satellites of Uranus ------------------------------------------------------ MIRANDA Characters, places from Shakespeare's The Tempest ARIEL Light spirits (individual and class) UMBRIEL Dark spirits (individual) OBERON Shakespearean tragic heroes and places TITANIA Female Shakespearean characters, places PUCK Mischievous (Pucklike) spirits (class) SMALL SATELLITES Heroines from Shakespeare and Pope Categories for naming features on satellites of Neptune ------------------------------------------------------- 1989 N1 Water-related spirits, gods, goddesses (excluding Greek and Roman names) NEREID Individual nereids TRITON Aquatic names, excluding Roman and Greek. Possible categories include: worldwide aquatic spirits, famous terrestrial fountains or fountain locations, terrestrial aquatic features, famous terrestrial geysers or geyser locations, terrestrial islands. SMALL SATELLITES Gods and goddesses associated with Neptune/Poseidon mythology; or names of generic mythological aquatic beings GAZETTEER OF PLANETARY NOMENCLATURE FILE GAZMARKS.TXT - VERSION APRIL 1992 KEY TO DIACRITICAL MARK CODES FOR FEATURE NAMES The word diacritic comes to us from a Greek word meaning to separate. It refers to the accent marks employed to separate, or distinguish, one form of pronunciation of a vowel or consonant from another. Planetary nomenclature is international in scope, and contains names from many languages. These names have been transliterated into English for the Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature and for use on maps published by the U.S. Geological Survey. The diacriticals from the language of origin must be preserved during this process in order to retain the intended meanings and pronunciation of the names. Computer storage and display of all possible combinations of diacriticals and letters is complicated by the fact that the only coding system recognized by virtually all computers is the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII). Most commercially developed word processors accommodate most or all diacriticals, but their coding schemes do not have universally recognized ASCII equivalents. Thus, searching or sorting a Gazetteer file with a software package different from the one used to create the file can lead to unexpected results. We have therefore used a scheme that can unambiguously represent each diacritical in the ASCII format. Each can be translated, by use of macro instructions, into a code used by a wordprocessor to to display and print a given diacritical. This appendix is included to familiarize the user with the codes used to represent diacriticals found in the gazetteer, and the values usually associated with them. In the gazetteer, the code for a diacritical is preceded by a backslash and is followed, without a space, by the letter it is modifying. For example, the name Schroter, with an umlaut over the "o" is encoded "Schr\:oter". The following codes are used: \% acute accent; a straight diagonal line extending from upper right to lower left. The acute accent is used in most languages to lengthen a vowel; in some, such as Oscan, to denote an open vowel. The acute is also often used to indicate the stressed syllable; in some transcriptions it indicates a palatalized consonant. \: diaeresis or umlaut; two dots surmounting the letter. In Romance languages and English, the diaeresis is used to indicate that consecutive vowels do not form a dipthong (see below); in modern German & Scandinavian languages, it denotes palatalization of vowels. \^ circumflex; a chevron or inverted "v" shape, with the apex at the top. Used most often in modern languages to indicate lengthening of a vowel. \~ tilde; a curving or waving line above the letter. The tilde is a form of circumflex. The tilde is used most often in Spanish to form a palatalized n as in the word "ano", pronounced "anyo". It is also used occasionally to indicate nasalized vowels. \- macron; a straight line above the letter. The macron is used almost universally to lengthen a vowel. \u breve; a concave semicircle or "u" shape surmounting the letter. Originally used in Greek, the breve indicates a short vowel. \o a small circle or "o" above the letter. Frequently used in Scandanavian languages to indicate a broad "o". \ae dipthong or ligature; transcribed as two letters in contact with each other.The dipthong is a combination of vowels that are pronounced together. \, cedilla; a curved line surmounted by a vertical line, placed at the bottom of the letter. The cedilla is used in Spanish and French to denote a dental, or soft, "c". In the new Turkish transcription, "c" cedilla has the value of English "ch". In Semitic languages, the cedilla under a consonant indicates that it is emphatic. \v check or inverted circumflex; a "v" shape above the letter. This accent is used widely in Slavic languages to indicate a palatal articulation, like the consonant sounds in the English words chapter and shoe and the "zh" sound in pleasure. \. a single dot above the letter. This diacritical denotes various things; in Lithuanian, it indicates a close long vowel. In Sanskrit, when used with "n", it is a velar sound, as in the English "sink"; in Irish orthography, it indicates a fricative consonant (see below). \' accent grave; a diagonal line (above the letter) extending from upper left to lower right. The grave accent is used in French, Spanish and Italian to denote open vowels. \_ fricative; a horizontal line through a consonant. A fricative consonant is characterized by a frictional rustling of the breath as it is emitted. SOURCES: Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, G.& C. Merriam Co. Springfield, Mass. Collier's Encyclopedia, P.F. Collier, Inc., London and New York GAZETTEER OF PLANETARY NOMENCLATURE FILE GAZCODES.TXT - VERSION APRIL 1992 CONTINENT AND ETHNIC GROUP CODES FOR FEATURE NAMES AFRICA (AF) ----------- Algeria AL Mande MN Angola AN Mauritania MU Banti BA Morocco MR Benin BE Mozambique MZ Botswana BT Namibia NM Burkina Faso (upper Volta) BF Niger NG Bushman BU Nigeria NI Bushongo BH Pygmy PY Cameroon CR Semitic SE Canary Is. CI Senegal SN Egypt EG Somalia SO Ethiopia ET South Africa SA Gambia GA Sudan SU Ghana GH Tanzania TA Gold Coast GC Togo TO Ivory Coast IC Tunisia TN Kenya KY Uganda UG Lesotho LE Yao YA Liberia LI Zaire ZA Libya LB Zambia ZM Mbundu MB Zimbabwe ZI Mali ML ASIA (AS) --------- Akkadian (Accadian) AK Minyong MY Armenian AM Mongolia MO Assyrian AY Monguor MG Assyro-Babylonian AB Nanai NA Babylon BY Nepal NE Bangladesh BA Oman OM Buriat BR Pakistan PK Burma BU Persian PE Cambodia CM Philippines PH China CH Phoenician PO Hebrew HE Samoyed SM India IN Sanskrit SA Indonesia ID Saudi Arabia AR Iran IR Semitic SE Iraq IQ Siberia SI Israel IS Sumerian SU Japan JA Syria SY Jewish JW Tibet TB Jordan JO Taiwan TW Korea KR Thailand TH Malaysia MA Turkey TU Vietnam VT EUROPE (EU) ----------- Alba AL Lapp LP Austria AS Latin LA Belgium BE Latvia LV Bulgaria BU Lithuania LI Byzantine BZ Netherlands (Dutch) DU Celtic CE Norse NS Cyprus CY Norway NO Czechoslovakia CZ Ostrogoth OG Denmark DE Oscan OS England EN Poland PO Eskimo (Greenland) EK Portugal PG Estonia ES Roman RM Finland FI Romania (Rumania) RO Flemish FL Scandinavian SD France FR Scotland SC Germany GE Slavic SL Great Britain GB Spain SP Greek GR Sweden SW Greenland GL Switzerland SZ Hungary HU Teutonic TU Iceland IC Wales WA Ireland IR Yugoslavia YU Italy IT NORTH AMERICA (NA) OCEANIA (OC) ------------------ ------------ Algonquin AL Australia AU American AM Caroline Is. CI Canada CA Guam GM Dakota DA Hawaii HA Eskimo ES Marshal Is. MI Hopi HO Melanesia ME Iroquois IR Micronesia MC Mandan MA New Britain NB Mexico ME New Guinea GU Navajo NV New Zealand NZ Pawnee PW Society Is. SI Pueblo PU Samoa SA Shoshoni SH Tonga TO Toamotu TU SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA (SA) ------------------------------ Argentina AR Haiti HA Auracanian AC Honduras HO Aztec AZ Inca IN Barbados BB Jamaica JM Bolivia BO Mayan MY Bororo RR Netherland (Dutch) Antilles DA Brazil BR Nicaragua NI Chile CH Panama PM Colombia CO Paraguay PA Costa Rica CR Peru PE Dominican Republic DR Puerto Rico PR Ecuador EC Uruguay UR French Guiana FG Venezuela VE Guyana GY UNITED STATES (US) ------------------ Alabama AL Nebraska NE Alaska AK Nevada NV Arizona AZ New Hampshire NH California CA New Jersey NJ Colorado CO New Mexico NM Connecticut CT New York NY Delaware DE North Dakota ND Florida FL Ohio OH Georgia GA Oklahoma OK Hawaii HI Oregon OR Idaho ID Pennsylvania PA Illinois IL South Carolina SC Indiana IN South Dakota SD Iowa IA Texas TX Kansas KS Utah UT Louisiana LA Virginia VA Maryland MD Washington WA Massachusetts MA West Virginia WV Mississippi MS Wisconsin WI Montana MT Wyoming WY COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES (UR) --------------------------------------- Altaic AL Ostyak OS Armenia AM Russia RU Azerbaijan AZ Samoyed SM Belorussia BE Scythia SC Buriat BR Siberia SI Caucasus CC Slavic (Slavonic) SL Georgia GE Soviet SO Karelian KA Tadzhik TD Kazakhstan KZ Tungu TU Marijan MJ Turkmenistan TK Moldavia MD Ukraine UK Mordvinian (Volga Finn) MO Ulci UL Nanayan NA Uzbekistan UZ Neghidhian NE Yakutian YK GAZETTEER OF PLANETARY NOMENCLATURE FILE GAZ_MAPS.TXT - VERSION 1992 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FOR LARGE-SCALE PLANETARY MAPS Lunar maps ---------- LAC Lunar Charts 1 through 154; published in 1966 by ACIC for U.S. Air Force and NASA; scale 1:1 million. LOC Lunar Planning Charts 1 through 4; published in 1971 by ACIC for NASA under direction of U.S. Department of Defense (DoD); scale 1:2.75 million. LM Lunar Maps 1 through 144; scale 1:1 million; published 197. LMP Lunar Earthside, Farside and Polar charts 1 through 3; published in 1970 by ACIC for DoD; scale 1:6 million. LPC Lunar Chart, published by Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) for NASA; scale 1:10 million. LTO Lunar Topographic Orthophoto Maps 1 through 104a,b,c,d; published by DMA, 1971-197x; scale, 1:250,000. Sn "Special" map of LTO series, at high resolution (scale usually 1:50,000, may be 1:25,000 or 1:10,000). Full designation would be LTO 41B4 S2. xxx Adopted name that is not on any map. Maps of Mercury --------------- H-n Mercury maps H-1 through H-15; scale 1:5 million. Maps of Venus ------------- 1:50M Preliminary pictorial map of Venus; scale, 1:50 million. B1 - 29 Number(s) of Soviet Venera maps, scale 1:5M, on which named feature occurs. I-number denotes USGS Magellan Planning chart map. Maps of Mars ------------ 1:15M Synoptic maps; scale 1:15 million. MC15 Mars Charts 1-30; scale 1:5 million; each chart also has a name (MC-9 = Tharsis), but we refer only to the number. MC25NW Northwest section of MC-25; scale 1:2 million. Canber Canberra; Viking 2 landing site map; scale 1:250,000. Capri Capri; pre-Viking alternate or safe site; scale 1:1 million. Chryse Chryse (Planitia); proposed Viking-1 prime landing site map; scale 1:1 million. Chry E East Chryse; Viking map, scale 1:1 million. Chry W West Chryse; Viking map, scale 1:1 million. Cydoni Cydonia; proposed Viking-2 prime landing site, scale 1:1 million. Erythr Erythraeum, 1973 Soviet proposed landing site map; scale 1:1 million. Nereid Nereidum Montes, 1973 proposed Soviet landing site map; scale 1:1 million. Soviet An unpublished Soviet map compiled from Mars 4 and 5 images. Triton Tritonis Lacus; proposed pre-Viking 2 backup landing site map, scale 1:1 million. Utopia Utopia Planitia; Viking 2 landing site map; scale 1:1 million. Yorktn Yorktown; Viking 1 landing site map; scale 1:250,000. 05072 High resolution map (scale 1:500,000) whose center coordinates are 5øN, 72øW; these maps have no informal name. 05187 High-resolution map (scale 1:500,000) whose center coordinates are 5øS, 187øW. Maps of Jovian satellites ------------------------- Prelim Preliminary shaded relief drawing. Ji2 Designation of satellite map and number. J = Jupiter; a = Amalthea, i = Io, e = Europa, G = Ganymede, c = Callisto. Map numbers 1-4. Maps of Saturnian satellites ---------------------------- Prelim Preliminary pictorial maps published in 1976. Janus No map or I-number. Epimetheus No map or I-number. Mimas Name of mapped satellite; scale 1:5 million. Enceladus Name of mapped satellite; scale 1:5 million. Tethys Name of mapped satellite; scale 1:10 million. Dione Name of mapped satellite; scale 1:10 million. Rhea Name of mapped satellite; scale 1:10 million. Hyperian No map or I-number. Iapetus Name of mapped satellite, scale, 1:10 million. Maps of Uranian satellites -------------------------- Miranda Name of satellite; scale 1:5 million. Ariel Name of satellite; scale 1:5 million. Umbriel Name of satellite; scale 1:5 million. Titania Name of satellite; scale 1:5 million. Oberon Name of satellite; scale 1:5 million. Puck Satellite name; no map or coordinates. GAZETTEER OF PLANETARY NOMENCLATURE FILE GAZ_REFS.TXT - VERSION 1992 LIST OF REFERENCES (AUTHORITIES) FOR FEATURE NAMES 1. Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology, translated by R. Aldington and D. Ames; Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd., New York, 1976. 2. Hawaiian Folk Tales: A Collection of Native Legends, by Thomas G. Thrum; AMS Printing Inc., New York, 1907. 3. Oceanic Mythology, by Roslyn Poignant; Paul Hamlyn Pub. Co., London, 1967. 4. Australian Legendary Tales, collected by K. Langloh Parker; Angus & Robertson, Brighton, 1963. 5. Aboriginal Myths and Legends, selected by Roland Robinson; Hamlyn Pub. group Ltd., London, 1969. 6. Dreamtime: Australian Aboriginal Myths, text by Charles Mountford; Rigby Ltd., Adelaide, 1965. 7. Nomads and Empire Builders: Native Peoples and Cultures of South America, by Carleton Beals; Citadel, Secaucus, NJ, 1965. 8. The Indian Background of Colonial Yucatan, by R. L. Roys; Gordon Press, New York, 1976. 9. Kiowa Tales, by Elsie W. Parsons; The American Folklore Society, vol. XXII, New York, 1929. 10. Myths and Tales of the Jicarilla Apache, by Morris Edward Opler; The American Folklore Society, G. E. Stechert & Co., New York, 1938. 11. The Book of the Navajo, by Raymond Friday Locke; Mankind Pub. Co., Los Angeles, 1976. 12. Indian Mythology, by Veronica Ions; Paul Hamlyn Ltd., London, 1967. 13. African Mythology, by Geoffrey Parrinder; Paul Hamlyn Ltd., London, 1967. 14. South American Mythology, by Harold Osborne; Paul Hamlyn Ltd., London, 1968. 15. Chinese Mythology, by Anthony Christie; Paul Hamlyn Ltd., London, 1968. 16. Japanese Mythology, by Juliet Piggott; Paul Hamlyn Ltd., London, 1969. 17. Norse Mythology; lists provided by Kaare Aksnes. 18. List compiled by V. G. Teifel. 19. The Greek Myths, vol. 1, by Robert Graves; Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England, 1974. 20. The Greek Myths, vol. 2, by Robert Graves; Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England, 1974. 21. Handbook of Greek Mythology, by H. J. Rose; E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., New York, 1959. 22. Gilgamesh: A Verse Narrative, by Herbert Mason; Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1971. 23. The Lost Gods of England, by Brian Branston; Thames & Hudson Ltd., London, 1957. 24. Orisha: The Gods of Yorubaland, by Judith Gleason; Atheneum, New York, 1971. 25. Ainu Creed and Cult, by Neil Gordon Munro; Columbia University Press, New York, 1963. 26. North American Indian Mythology, by Cottie Burland; Paul Hamlyn Pub. Group Ltd., London, 1968. 27. The Mythology of All Races (13 vols.), edited by John Arnott MacCulloch and George Foot Moore; Cooper Square Publishers, Inc., New York, 1964. 28. The Odyssey, by Homer, translated by W. H. D. Rouse; Thomas Nelson and Sons, Ltd., Edinburgh, 1934. 28b. The Odyssey of Homer, translated by Herbert Bates; Harper Brothers, New York, 1929. 29. Song of Roland, translated by Dorothy L. Sayers; Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England, 1967. 30. Comparative Cultures; Human Relations Area File Inc., New Haven, Conn. 31. Gods, Heroes, and Men of Ancient Greece, translated by W. H. D. Rouse; The New American Library of World Literature, Inc., New York, 1957. 32. Myths of the Greeks and Romans, by Michael Grant; World Publishing Company, New York, 1962. 33. Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heros, by Edith Hamilton; Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1942. 34. African Myths and Tales, edited by Susan Feldmann; Dell Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 1970. 35. Gods and Myths of Northern Europe, by H. R. Ellis Davidson; Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England, 1974. 36. Duplicate of reference 69 (National Geographic Atlas). 37. Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur, by Keith Baines; Clarkson N. Potter, Inc., New York, 1962. 38. Njal's Saga, by Magnus Magnusson and Hermann Paulsson; Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England, 1975. 39. The Age of Fable, by Thomas Bulfinch; The Heritage Press, New York, 1942. 40. Primal Myths: Creating the World, by Barbara C. Sproul; Harper & Row, New York, 1979. 41. The Iliad of Homer, translated by Benjamin Smith and Walter Miller; MacMillan & Co., New York, 1944. 42. Beowulf, translated by Burton Raffel; The New American Library of World Literature, Inc., New York, 1963. 43. Dictionary of Classical Mythology, by J. E. Zimmerman; Harper and Row, New York, 1971. 44a. The Tale of Genji (2 vols), by Murasaki Shikibu, translated by Edward G. Seidensticker; Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1976. 44b. The Tale of Genji, by Lady Murasaki, translated by Arthur Waley; The Modern Library (Random House), New York, 1960. 45. Tales of Yoruba Gods and Heroes, by Harold Courlander; Crown Publishers, Inc., New York, 1973. 46. List of famous women provided by the National Organization of Women. 47. Giants, by David Larkin and Sarah Teale; Harry Abrams, Inc., New York, 1979. 48. Letter from G. H. Pettengill to Venus Task Group, April 27, 1977. 49. Letter from Prof. M. Ya. Marov to G. H. Pettengill, September 8, 1977. 50. List compiled by Prof. N. P. Erpylev; includes names from various Russian legends. 51. Letter from Prof. M. Ya. Marov to G. H. Pettengill, January 3, 1981. 52. Alf Laylah Wa Laylah, The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, by Richard F. Burton; Larsen-Harper, Colo. Press, Denver, CO, 1900. 53. Myths and Folklore of the Temiskaming Algonquin, and Timagami Ojibwa, by F. G. Speck; Canada Department of Mines Memoir 71, Ottawa, 1915. 54. The New Century Handbook of Classical Geography, edited by Catherine B. Avery; Meredith Corp., New York, 1972. 55. Webster's New Geographical Dictionary; G. & C. Merriam Co., Springfield, Mass., 1972. 56. Everymans Classical Atlas, by J. Oliver Thomson; J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd., London, 1963. 57. Map of albedo features of Mars, (plates 2-5), in La Planate Mars, by E.M. Antoniadi; Librairie Scientifique Hermann Et Cie, Paris, 1930. 58. Letter from Prof. M. Ya. Marov to Dr. Harold Masursky, March 19, 1979. 59. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica; Encyclopaedia Brittanica Inc., Chicago, 1974. 60. Transactions of the International Astronomical Union (for appropriate year of approval), D. Reidel, 1971, 1974, 1978, 1983, 1986. 61. List of radar scientists provided by G. H. Pettengill. 62. List of names for Mars in various languages provided by Carl Sagan. 63. List supplied by Dr. N. P. Erpylev. 64. Soviet Encyclopedia (30 volumes, in Russian). 65. Myths of the Peoples of the World (two volumes, in Russian). 66. Named Lunar Formations by Mary A. Blagg and K. Mller; Western Publishing Co., Hannibal, Mo., 1968. 67. The System of Lunar Craters, Quadrants I, II, III, IV; by D. W. G. Arthur and others, Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, vol. 2, no. 30, 1964; vol. 3, nos. 40, 50, 1965; vol. 4, no. 70, 1966. 68. World Who's Who in Science, edited by Allen G. Debus; Western Publishing Company, Hannibal, Mo., 196##e, New York, 1973. 71. Commentary on Martian Nomenclature, 2nd edition, by Jurgen Blunck; Exposition Press, Smithtown, New York, 1982. 72. Soviet Men of Science, by John Turkevich; D. Van Nostrand Company, Princeton, NJ, 1963. 73. McGraw-Hill International Atlas; McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1963. 74. The Times Atlas of the World, Comprehensive Edition; The Times of London in collaboration with John Bartholomew & Son Ltd., Edinburgh, 1971 (and other editions). 75. Webster's Biographical Dictionary; G. & C. Merriam Company, Springfield, MA, 1974 (and other editions). 76. Duplicate of reference 68 (World Who's Who in Science). 77. Observatories of the World, by Siegfried Marx and Werner Pfau; Van Nostrand, Reinhold Company, New York, 1982. 78. The Oxford Companion to Art; Oxford University Press, London, 1970. 79. Cassel's Encyclopaedia of World Literature; William Morrow & Company Inc., New York, 1973. 80. Lists of names for Mercury nomenclature, provided by David Morrison. 81. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan; Kodansha Ltd., New York, 1983. 82. Dictionary of Mythology, Folklore, and Symbols, by Gertrude Jobes; Scarecrow Press, Inc., Part 3, Index, New York, 1962. 83. Dictionary of Mythology, Folklore, and Symbols, by Gertrude Jobes; Scarecrow Press, Inc., Part 1, New York, 1962. 84. Dictionary of Mythology, Folklore, and Symbols, by Gertrude Jobes; Scarecrow Press, Inc., Part 2, New York, 1962. 85. The complete works of William Shakespeare, Illustrated; Avenel Books, a division of Crown Publishers, Inc., New York, 1975. 86. The world guide to Gnomes, Fairies, Elves and other Little People, by Thomas Keightley, Avenel Books, New York, 1978. 87. Webster's 3rd New International Dictionary of the English language, unabridged, Merriam Webster Editorial Staff; G. & C. Merriam Co., Springfield, MA, 1965. 88. Astronauts and Cosmonautics Biographical and Statistical Data, revised June 28, 1985, prepared by the Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress; U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1985. 89. Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Charles Coulston Gillispie, editor in chief, vol. 9; Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1981. 90. Encyclopedia Americana International Edition; Grolier Inc., Danbury, CT, 1984. 91. Rand McNally, The International Atlas, International Atlas Staff; Rand McNally and Co., New York, 1980. 92. Fairies, by Brian Froud and Alan Lee; Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York, 1978. 93. Funk and Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, and Legend, edited by Maria Leach; Harper and Row Publishers, Inc., New York, 1984. 94. List of names supplied by Tobias Owen, Outer Planets Task Group chairman, State University of New York at Stony Brook. 95. Poem "Rape of the Lock" by Alexander Pope. 96. Green Mansions, by W. H. Hudson; AMS Pr. Inc., New York, 1923. 97. The Blue Bird (printed with The Betrothal), by Maurice Maeterlinck; Philosophical Pub. Co., Quakertown, PA, 1987. 98. Female first names supplied by Soviets. 99. Index to Women of the World, N.O. Ireland; F.W. Faxon Co., Westwood, Ma., 1988 100. List provided by Women's Study Program, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 101. An Account of the Polynesian Race, A. Fernandez; Tuttle Press, 1969 102. List provided by Prof. V.G. Suriquez, University of Haqaii at Manoa 103. Macmillan Illustrated Encyclopedia of Myths and Legends, A. Cotterell; Macmillan Publishing Co., New York 1989 104. Great North American Indians, F. Dockstader; Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977 105. List provided by Dr. S.V. Meschel, University of Chicago 106. List provided by The Age (newspaper), Melbourne, Australia 107. List provided by Dr. George Burba, Vernadsky Institute, Moscow 108. List provided by Dr. Mikhail Ya Marov, USSR Academy of Science, Moscow 109. Dictionary of First Names, Alfred J. Kolatch; Putnam Publishing Group, New York, 1990 110. Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, I. Asimov; Doubleday & Co., Garden City NY, 1972 111. The Book of Goddesses and Heroines, P. Monaghan; Llewellyn Publications, St. Paul, 1990 GAZETTEER OF PLANETARY NOMENCLATURE FILE GAZTYPES.TXT - VERSION APRIL 1992 LIST OF DESCRIPTOR CODES FOR PLANETARY FEATURE TYPES CODE FEATURE DESCRIPTION AL Albedo Feature Albedo Feature CA Catena, Catenae Chain of craters CB Cavus, Cavi* Hollows, irregular depressions CH Chaos Distinctive area of broken terrain CM Chasma, Chasmata Canyon CO Collis, Colles* Small hill or knob CR Corona, Coronae Ovoid-shaped feature AA Crater, Craters Bowl-shaped depression; impact crater DO Dorsum, Dorsa Ridge ER Eruptive center Eruptive center FA Facula, Faculae Bright spot FE Flexus, Flexus Cuspate, linear feature FL Fluctus, Fluctus Flow terrain FO Fossa, Fossae Long, narrow, shallow depression LA Labes, Labes Landslide LB Labyrinthus, Labyrinthi+ Intersecting valley complex LC Lacus, Lacus# "Lake"; small plain LF Landing site name Feature named on Apollo map or report LG Large ringed feature+ Large ringed feature LI Linea, Lineae Elongate marking MA Macula, Maculae Dark spot ME Mare, Maria# "Sea"; large circular plain MN Mensa, Mensae Mesa, flat-topped elevation MO Mons, Montes Mountain OC Oceanus, Oceani# Ocean PA Palus, Paludes# Swamp PE Patera, Paterae Shallow crater; scalloped, complex edge PL Planitia, Planitiae Low plain PM Planum, Plana Plateau or high plain PU Plume Volcanic plume? PR Promontorium, -Oria# "Cape" RE Regio, Regiones Region RI Rima, Rimae# Fissure RU Rupes, Rupes Scarp SC Scopulus, Scopuli Lobate or irregular scarp SI Sinus, Sinus Bay SS Small Satellites Small Satellites ((Uraninan?) SU Sulcus, Sulci Subparallel furrows and ridges TA Terra, Terrae Extensive land mass TE Tessera, Tesserae Tile; polygonal ground TH Tholus, Tholi Small domical mountain or hill UN Unda, Undae* Dunes VA Vallis, Valles Valley; sinuous? VS Vastitas, Vastitates Widespread lowlands ------------------------------------ * Used only in plural + Used only in singular # Used only on the Moon