Chondrules are droplets of rapidly crystallized melts that formed in the protoplanetary disk within the first four million years of solar system history and are commonly found in primitive meteorites. […]
In the earliest periods of solar system formation, the protoplanetary disk was a hot environment full of gas and dust. As the disk cooled, various elemental species condensed out of […]
Many planetary materials exhibit distinct isotopic compositions. For example, oxygen isotopic compositions differ among the terrestrial planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. These differences indicate that each planet formed from […]